Vignan University VSAT 2013 Entrance Test Chemistry Syllabus
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Vignan University VSAT 2013 Chemistry Syllabus :
Unit 1: Stoichiometry Law of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and Stoichiometry. Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
Unit 2: Gaseous State Measurable properties of gases, Gas laws – Boyles law, Charles law, Grahams law of diffusion, Avogadros law. Daltons law of partial pressure, Concept of absolute scale of temperature, Ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates), Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities, Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation , liquefaction of gases, critical constants
Unit 3: Solid State Classification of solids: molecular, Ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary ideas), Braggs Law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids ( fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), structures of NaCl, CsCl, ZnS, CaF type crystal systems, voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids, 2 Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties
Unit 4: Atomic Structures Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron), Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohrs model, Dual nature of matter, de-Broglies relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, and concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions, Variation of and with radius for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance , shapes of s, p and d – orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number, Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Paulis exclusion principle and Hands rule, electronic configuration of elements extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals
Unit 5: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice enthalpy Covalent Bonding: Concept of electro negativity, Fajans rule, dipolemoment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, Resonance Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications
Unit 6: Chemical Thermodynamics Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, Extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes First law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity: Hesss law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, Ionization and solution Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes, S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for 0 spontanity, G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant Unit 7: Solutions Different methods for expressing concentration of solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction percentage ( by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoults Law- Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions, Colligative properties of dilute solutions – relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing – point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, Abnormal value of molar mass, Vant Hoff factor and its significance Unit 8: Equilibrium Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid – liquid – gas and solid – gas equilibria. Henrys law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of G and Go in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chateliers principle Unit 9: Acids & Bases Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibrium (including multistage ionization) and ionization constant, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions Unit 10: Electrochemistry Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrauschs law and its applications Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst equation and its applications, Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change, Dry cell and lead accumulator, Fuel cells, Corrosion and its prevention Unit 11: Chemical Kinetics Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions : concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reaction, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions – Arrhenius theory , activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation) Unit 12: Surface Chemistry Adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases in solids Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption form solutions Colloidal state – distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids – lyophilic, lyophobic, multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids ( micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation, Emulsions and their characteristics Unit 13: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and t block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity Unit 14: Metallurgy Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores, Steps involved in the extraction of metals – concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, Hg and Fe, Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metalsUnit 15: Hydrogen and its Compounds Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water, Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide, Classification of hydrides – Ionic, covalent and interstitial, Hydrogen as a fuel Unit 16: Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals Group 1 and Group 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships Preparation and properties of some important compounds Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride , sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement , Biological significance of Na , K , Kg and Ca Unit 17: P- Blocks Elements Group 13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behavior of the first element in each group Group wise study of the P-block elements Group 13 Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium, Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums Group 14 Tendency for catenation, Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones Group 15 Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus, Allotropic forms of phosphorus, Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides. (PCl , PCl ), Structures of oxides and oxoacids of 3 5 nitrogen and phosphorus, super phosphate of lime Group 16 Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone, Allotropic forms of sulphur, Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)., Structures of oxoacids of sulphur, preparation, properties and uses of sodium thiosulphate Group 17 Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine, flourine and hydrochloric acid, Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides, Structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens, preparation and properties of bleaching powder Group 18 Occurrence and uses of noble gases: Isolation and separation of noble gases. Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon Unit 18: D- and F – Block Elements and Coordination Compounds Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states Coordination Compounds Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werners theory, ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenculature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds isomerism, Bonding – Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)
Unit 19: Environmental Chemistry Environmental pollution – Atmospheric, water and soil Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric and Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons, their sources, harmful effects and prevention, Green house effect and Global warming, Acid rain Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist, their sources, harmful effects and prevention Stratospheric pollution – Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer- its mechanism and effects Water pollution – Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants, Fluoride pollution their harmful effects and prevention Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as, Pesticides (insecticides, Herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution
Unit 20: Purification and characterization of organic compounds Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography – principles and their applications Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis Unit 21: Some basic principles of organic chemistry Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p), Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C -, – C C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, Homologous series, Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission – Hemolytic and heterolysis: free radicals, carbonations and carbanions, stability of carbonations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation Common types of organic reactions – Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement Unit 22: Hydrocarbons Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), Mechanism of halogenations of alkanes Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism, Mechanism of electrophilic addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization Alkynes – Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, Polymerization Aromatic hydrocarbons-Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzeneUnit 23: Alkyl and aryl halides General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, Nature of C-X bond, Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Preparation and properties of chloroform Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, Iodoform, freons and DDT Unit 24: Alcohols and phenols General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration Phenols: Acidic nature electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer – Tiemann reaction
Unit 25: Ethers Ethers: Structure, Nomenclature of ethers. Preparation and properties of diethyl ether uses of diethyl ether
Unit 26: Carbonyl Compounds Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, Nucleophilic addition to C=O group, relative reactivity of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as Nucleophilic addition reaction (addition HCN, NH and its derivatives), 3 Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemensen), acidity of – hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Halo form reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Unit 27: Carboxylic Acids Structure and Nomenclature of carboxylic acids. Preparation and properties of carboxylic acids. Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
Unit 28: Nitrogen Compounds General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Nitrobenzene Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit 29: Polymers General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization- addition and condensation, copolymerization, Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
Unit 30: Biomolecules General introduction and importance of biomolecules. Carbohydrates – Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen). Proteins: Elementary Idea of – amino acids, peptide bond polypeptide, proteins, primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, Primary structure of DNA, Replication of DNA, Transcription and protein synthesis, Heredity (genetic code) Hormones – Classification and structural features, General biological functions of animal hormones. Lipids – Classification, Structure and function in bio-systems
Unit 31: Chemistry in every day life Chemical in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines – their meaning and common examples. Chemical in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
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