Consider the phasor diagram according to the M.M.F. method as shown in the Fig. 1 for cosΦ lagging p.f. load. The FR is resultant excitation of FO and FAR where FO is excitation required to produce rated terminal voltage on open circuit while is m.m.f. required for balancing armature reaction effect. Thus OB = FR = resultant m.m.f. The angle between FAR and perpendicular to FO is Φ, where cosΦ is power factor of the load. But OB = F resultant is based on the assumption of unsaturated magnetic circuit which is not true in practice. Actually m.m.f. equal to BB' is additional required to take into account the effect of partially saturated magnetic field. Thus the total excitation required is OB' rather than OB. Let us see method of determining the additional excitation needed to take into account effect of partially saturated magnetic circuit. Construct the no load saturation characteristics i.e. O.C.C. and zero power factor characteristics. Draw the potier triangle as discussed earlier and determine the leakage reactance XL for the alternator. The excitation necessary to balance armature reaction can also be obtained from the potier triangle. The armature resistance is known. Construct ASA diagram, and draw phasor diagram related to the above equation. The ASA diagram has x-axis as field current and y-axis as the open circuit voltage. Draw O.C.C. on the ASA diagram. Then assuming x-axis as current phasor, draw Vph at angle Φ, above the horizontal. The Vph is the rated terminal voltage. Add Ia Ra in phase with Ia i.e. horizontal and Ia XL perpendicular to Ia Ra to Vph. This gives the voltage E1ph. Now with O as a central and radius E1ph draw an arc which will intersect y-axis at E1. From E1, draw horizontal line intersecting both air gap line and O.C.C. These points of intersection are say B and B'. The distance between the points BB' corresponding to the field current scale gives the additional excitation required to take into account effect of partially saturated field. Adding this to FR we get the total excitation as FR'. From this FR', the open circuit voltage E1ph can be determined from O.C.C. using which the regulation can be determined. The ASA diagram is shown in the Fig. 2. Fig. 2 The resultant obtained by ASA method are reliable for both salient as well as nonsalient pole machines.
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